European Colonization Of Europeans And Native Americans

After Columbus sailed the blue ocean in fourteen hundred ninety-two, the New World encountered catastrophic epidemics from the European conquest. The spread of diseases between Europeans and Native Americans led to a demographic calamity. The earliest explorations from European countries introduced a plethora of diseases; these diseases hindered the Native’s population and way of life. Not only early explorations of European countries impacted the indigenous people, but the settlement and encounters with Europeans in the twentieth century did as well. Before Europeans voyaged to the New World, the lands were occupied by Native Americans for thousands of years, but Europeans for centuries regarded themselves as the first to discover the Americas. Relations between the Native Americans and Europeans were often difficult. The Europeans saw the natives as savage heathens to be Christianized, and considered the land unexploited and ripe for colonization. The Italian explorer Chris topher Columbus opened the way for European exploration of the New World. During Christopher Columbus’s (1451-1506) voyages to the Western Hemisphere, the monarchs of Western European nations sent explorers seeking a faster, more direct passage to Asia. Although these explorers failed in this mission, they helped map out a rich land for Europeans to control and colonize. English exploration was different from Spain, Portugal, and France. The English merchants had a huge role in English explorationShow MoreRelatedNative Americans During European Colonization1371 Words   |  6 Pages Native Americans, the people who were not supposed to survive the settlement of Europeans, have lived long and strong, but it is not to say it was has been without struggle (â€Å"A Brief History† 2006). â€Å"No other group, however, faced problems more severe than the Native Americans† (â€Å"Digital† 2014). Struggling to keep control of their sacred land, provide an ed ucation for their children, and practice their language, beliefs, and traditions in silence was the typical life of the Native American peopleRead MoreEuropean Colonization : Christopher Columbus And Native Americans Essay1127 Words   |  5 Pages(Effects of European Colonization: Christopher Columbus and Native Americans). This was primarily due to European domesticated animals such as: pigs, sheep, horses, cows, and goats. To create a great epidemic of diseases America had never witnessed before. Horrible diseases which the ingenious population had no immunity for, smallpox, typhus, influence, diphtheria, and measles. â€Å"Modern historians commonly accept that around 90% of all Native Americans died as a result of contact with Europeans† (EffectsRead MoreNative American Gangs During European Colonization1960 Words   |  8 Pages Bernadette Stafford Rough Draft April 29, 2015 Native American Gangs Prior to European colonization, North America was home to up to ten million indigenous people with distinct cultures and hundreds of languages. Within 500 years the population was halved through disease and genocide. Today, Native American’s make up 5.2 million or 2% of the US population. This population has suffered the trauma of genocide, dislocation, poverty and oppression mostly through policies and confrontations with theRead MoreNative American Gangs During European Colonization2674 Words   |  11 Pages Bernadette Stafford Final Draft May 20, 2015 Native American Gangs Prior to European colonization, North America was home to up to ten million indigenous people with distinct cultures and hundreds of languages. Within 500 years the population was halved through disease and genocide. Today, Native American’s make up 5.2 million or 2% of the US population (US Census 2013). This population has suffered the trauma of genocide, dislocation, poverty and oppression mostly through policies and confrontationsRead MoreLasting Effects of European Colonization on Native American Indians.1047 Words   |  5 Pageson North American Indians Since the Europeans set foot on North American soil in 1620,they have had a devastating effect on the native population. I will be discussing the long term effect of North American colonisation on the Native Americans, focusing on such issues as employment opportunities, the environment, culture and traditions, health, as well as social justice. I will begin with the important issue of employment opportunities. The unemployment rate for Native Americans is a staggeringRead MoreColonization Of The United States1074 Words   |  5 PagesColonization in America has demonstrated all of the US history themes of exploration, encounter and exchange in the Americas. From the beginning of colonization, in 1492 by Christopher Columbus, to the establishment of the first American colony, Jamestown in 1607, and to the creation of the thirteen colonies, there have been countless examples of exploration, encounter and exchange. The exploration of vast waters and unchartered territory led to new and undiscovered land and America being colonizedRead MoreThe Colonization Of Native Americans1377 Words   |  6 Pagesis not until 1492 that the â€Å"first people† make their way as well. The Europeans walked in and saw the Natives as the wildlife of the region and considered themselves the founders, and the Native Americans were heavily influenced and conflicted with the tidal wave of European colonization. Following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492, colonization of Native American territory began. Afterwards, life for Native Americans became rather harsh, and genocide is an accurate term to describe thisRead MoreEuropean Colonization Effects1222 Words   |  5 PagesIn the past, European countries came to the Americas looking to build their empire and gain power. They were competing to be the most powerful country and improve their economic lives. In the drive to be the most powerful European country, they started colonizing the Americas. The effects of colonization were reflected in different groups of people. Some effects were bad and some ere good. There are different perspectives about colonization. Some people think that the colonization was a great eventRead MoreHow Did Contact Between The European Arrivals And The Native Peoples Of The Americas Affect Both Groups?1545 Words   |  7 Pagesbet ween the European arrivals and the native peoples of the Americas affect both groups? Europeans brought to the Americas catastrophic diseases that killed millions and decimated native populations, who possessed no immunity to the illnesses. The Europeans also had deliberate policies of subjugation and extermination, by which they brutally tortured or murdered natives due to the Europeans history of brutality in war and their consideration of the natives as no more than savages. The Europeans alsoRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Colonization on the Native Americans539 Words   |  3 PagesThe Effects of Colonization on the Native Americans Native Americans had inherited the land now called America and eventually their lives were destroyed due to European Colonization. When the Europeans arrived and settled, they changed the Native American way of life for the worst. These changes were caused by a number of factors including disease, loss of land, attempts to export religion, and laws, which violated Native American culture. Native Americans never came in contact

The Origins Of Structural Anthropology - 1030 Words

Ari Lotter Ms. Kasurak HSB4U1 26 September 2015 Claude Levi Strauss THE ORIGINS OF STRUCTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY Structural analysis, at its core, is an attempt to comprehend things beyond the system of human understanding. It’s meant to be an objective, purely scientific approach untarnished by human cultural and social systems. Claude Là ©vi-Strauss saw this pure science being applied in linguistics, among the social sciences, and applied its objective principles and methods to anthropology. Structural linguistics is a method of analyzing languages, broken down into signs, both syntactically and lexically. Signs, in a structural context, are associations between concepts and means of expressing those concepts. Comparing opposed syntagma and signs in this exploded arrangement permits understanding of linguistic associations (syntax, etc.). By examining the paradigmatic relations between signs, and diachronic syntagmatic configurations (something Là ©vi-Strauss applied heavily in his theories about structural mythology), a basic objective understanding of the langue in question can be gleaned from examples of its verbiage. Ferdinand de Saussure, the linguist who explained language as a structure of signs, developed his ideal method of a purely analytical science of linguistics in part because he was aware of the impossibility of understanding exactly how the human mind creates and understands language. By approaching language from a structuralist point of view, he was attempting toShow MoreRelatedFieldwork in Various Anthropological Schools of Thought Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesCultural anthropology is a social science that studies the origins and development of human societies (History World International, 2001). Many theories to explain cultural variations among humans have emerged. As a result, numerous anthropological schools of thought have been established based on these theories since the nineteenth century. These schools of thought encompass the dominant beliefs about culture during a time period and are constantly changing as new knowledge is acquired. As schoolsRead MoreCharles Darwins E volutionary Theory1223 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1859, Charles Darwin finally released his evolutionary theory â€Å"On the Origins of Species.† In this book, he described the process of natural selection and how certain alleles can be passed on to future generations. However the main focus of this was through animals and people, but not through the evolution of society. Early anthropologists in the nineteenth century took on this theory to help explain how societies have developed. However with this kind of thinking, it almost leads up to theRead More Charles Darwin Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pagesa short summary of his ideas that were similar to the ones in Origin of Species released years later. Even at this time Charles felt that his data was insufficient. For the next several years Darwin worked with the data on many of the species found on the Galapagos Islands, especially the finch. Darwin had collected many finches from both South America and the Galapagos Islan ds. He found that all his varieties shared many structural similarities, but differed in many physical traits, especiallyRead MoreCritical Annotation of Watson Reading and Commentary Reading1765 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Annotation of Watson Reading and Commentary Reading 5 Question One Assignment 2 Reading Watson, C.W. (Ed.). (1999).A diminishment: A death in the field (Kerinci, Indonesia). In Being there: Fieldwork in anthropology (pp. 141-163). London: Pluto Press. In his reading, A Diminishment: A Death in the Field (1999), Watson analysed two critical issues that have preoccupied anthropologists for nearly four decades. These issues include the extent to which personality of the anthropologistRead MoreAmitav Ghoshs In an Antique Land1088 Words   |  5 Pagesthe main character of this arguably structural fictional novel, travelogue and biography, which encompasses both historical and biographical events, begins his journey through the truths of studying eleventh century Egypt. Amitav places himself in the story as a doctoral student who is given the opportunity to study social anthropology. As we learned and discussed throughout this course, there are a variety of methods in which to study religion. Social anthropology focuses onâ€Å"the study of human beingsRead MoreStructure, Sign And Play On The Discourse Of Human Sciences1524 Words   |  7 Pagesloaded term in Derrida s works which we will visit later in this chapter. It was a high -time for existentialism, phenomenology and structuralism represented many renowned thinkers like Husserl, Sartre, Strauss, and others. While the concern of structural linguistics was to formulate scientific understanding of language as structured expression/entity, others were skeptic about fundamental presuppositions of neutral binaries, the virtuality of the center and who rejected subjective humanism ofRead Morecheat sheet1448 Words   |  6 Pages1. The sociological perspective, as a way of thinking about the world, includes the sociological imagination from C. Wright Mills, the beginner’s mind from Bernard McGrane, and the idea of culture shock from anthropology. Explain what all three of these concepts have in common. Response: All three of these concepts have in common are the idea of breaking down social barriers to gain a different perspective on culture people and behaviors. When a person is in a new area where the culture is differentRead MoreSummary of the Development of Anthropological Theory from the XIX century to the Present XXI century2646 Words   |  11 Pagesprobably fair to say, wherever literate civilizations came into contact with members of different societies, something like ethnographic writing occurred† (McGee, Warms, 2012). It also seems to be plausible, even looking as far back into the human origin and history as Homo neanderthalensis, that the first glimmer of curiosity occur. Of course Homo neanderthalensis would not be writing ethnographies detailing the emic and etic perspectives within and about a culture, but since they are believed toRead MoreThe Discipline Of Cultural Anthropology3459 Words   |  14 Pages The discipline of cultural anthropology falls i nto the idea that culture everywhere is our lives impacts every aspect of our human lives. â€Å"Anthropology is the scientific study of human beings-that is, human creature viewed in the abstract: male, female, all colors and shapes, pre-historic, ancient, and modern. Many cultural anthropologists come to believe that the idea of our past and present societies, from the social and cultural structure of them, to the religion and language, as well as theRead MoreGregory Bateson And His Quest3338 Words   |  14 Pagescontributed to multiple subfields within anthropology along with other fields in the social sciences. Bateson never completely settled into one field, but rather, he synthesized his knowledge to incorporate it into his epistemology and methodologies. Gregory Bateson’s contributions to anthropology range from providing new methods of ethnography, helping to establish the field of visual anthropology, influencing ecological, psychological, and linguistics anthropo logy, to moving cybernetic theory from the

An examination of the importance of going onto higher education and the impact that has on employability Free Essays

I am going to explore to what extent does attending university (higher education) have an impact on the graduate’s employability. There are three sub research questions I will be focusing on. Firstly, I will be analysing the benefits and problems there are of going onto university in the hope of increasing employability. We will write a custom essay sample on An examination of the importance of going onto higher education and the impact that has on employability? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order, to do this I will be identifying the relevant corpus of academic and policy related literature and documentation concerning university and employability. The reason for this is that it is vital to realise that it’s still important to assess existing knowledge that’s associated with education and compare it with my research. Secondly, I will be focusing on to what extent has investing in a degree and other financial costs such as accommodation for example with going onto university has achieved the desired outcome for degree graduates. To find out this information, I will be looking at degree graduates, and how they believe their employability has affected their employability. Finally, I will be looking at how 18 years not going onto HE, to what extent has that helped their desired outcome. I am now going to briefly explain the structure of my report. I will now provide a critical literature review analysing policy documents and academic literature and review what others have done. This will show how my research fits in with what others have done about my subject. This is my first research objective as I’ve mentioned earlier. I will then explain my research project and methodology used to gather and analyse data. After, I have decided my methodological approach; I will then report my research results. I will undertake a critical analysis of public perceptions and carry out a small study, and provide evidence in my appendix to verify my research results. I will then discuss my findings in a critical manner and relate my results back to the literature material. In my ethical form under proposed methodology, I mentioned that I would find out information by not only questionnaires and face-to-face interviews, but also surveys. I have decided not to do surveys and face-to-face interviews the reason being is that it is very difficult to access surveys associated to my area of study. Moreover, the time and money spent on getting this information would hinder time being spent on my study. Therefore, as a result I have decided to exclude the use of surveys in my research. I am not doing face-to-face interviews because of the availability of time for other students to be available to answer questions. In order, to resolve this problem I am going to add open-ended questions in my questionnaire to get insight. Progressing onto university (higher education) can greatly enhance wherever you want to go in the future. The reason for this is, that it illustrates to employers the ability to acquire information in a specialised subject. (Directgov. 2005. ‘ The benefits of higher education’ [online] Available from http://www. direct. gov. uk/en/EducationAndLearning/UniversityAndHigherEducation/index. htm [Accessed 3 Jan 2007]) Therefore, this stands to reason graduates coming out of university and entering employment will have higher earning potential to those who don’t go on to higher education. However, in a report in the telegraph it stated that a third of university graduates are in jobs that do not require a degree in 2004-05. This brings out the question; does it really enhance career prospects? In the same article, Boris Johnson says about a degree. ‘It is a wonderful thing to have irrespective of the kind of job you are doing. ‘ I am very critical of this statement because the main reason of going into higher education is to enhance your career. What is the point of attaining a degree, if it doesn’t? (Smith. H {25th July 2006} ‘Third of graduates in non-graduate jobs’ Telegraph [online] Available from http://www. telegraph. co. uk/news/main. jhtml? xml=/news/2006/07/23/nuni. xml Accessed 17th December 2006]) Is it right from degree graduates to find difficulty in finding graduate jobs and fall into ‘non-graduate jobs’? In which they could of entered prior going to university and without the associated financial costs? I aim to find out the value of a degree in the economic market and whether it is actually worth it considering the New Labour’s target of 50% for 18-25 year olds to enter HE. The more graduates flooding the market, the less graduate jobs would be available? There are contrasting views of going into higher education. The article written by Directgov provides a biased view of higher education, in my opinion. The reason being is that Directgov is a site produced by the Central office of Information, associated with the government. As a result, it will would emphasis the benefits of the HE, and they would do this to reach their target of 50%. In contrast, to the telegraph newspaper, there could be a tendency to over exaggerate words and statistics, in order to engage the ready and boost sales. I have chosen this topic of research as education as it affects not only me but also people around me. I am investing my time and money in a degree in the hope of attaining a qualification, which will enhance my career prospects, but in the current climate, it may not. Therefore, which is the best route for a successful career (a graduate/non-graduate) and does it matter? I will explore and come up with conclusions to these questions later on in my report, by collecting and analysing information. I will be gathering both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data is data in which can be categorised and have a numerical relationship. Whereas, qualitative data the information can’t be categorised numerically, the data type is unstructured and may involve long sentences. (Becker S and Bryman A. 2004. ‘Understanding research for social policy and practise’ pp 403-4) Quantitative research illustrates indicators to act as a measure that can stand for a point. Therefore, it can show relationships between variables (independent and dependent. ) For example, if the taxes are increased these would mean that there would be more financial muscle for public services. The questionnaires that the people fill in will help provide this type of information and to show correlations between variables. In contrast, to qualitative data where the main aim is to understand people’s beliefs, values and behaviour. The qualitative data I will gain from face to face interviews will help me to explain the quantitative data. (Becker S and Bryman A. 2004. ‘Understanding research for social policy and practise’ pp 92-7) I am going to ask ten people who are graduates and that are a non-graduate on their views on higher education. This will aid me into find finding some conclusions on this issue. There is a different questionnaire for graduates and non-graduates . The questionnaires are available in the appendix. Prior to giving out my questionnaires I had to pre test these questions to check that they are as clear as possible. I did this by asking the general public on their views and amending any necessary faults in the questions. I have to reassure the sample of respondents that I will not disclose any personal details and that the research details will remain confidential. In my questionnaire, I didn’t ask for their name, as I see that it is of no relevant to the study. I am now going to discuss the results I have discovered in my research. In the first section of the questionnaire, I have included a question about the respondent’s ethnicity. In my opinion, this is a question worth asking, because of evidence being illustrated that there is a trend. Gary Craig, professor of Social Justice in 2002, interviewed 16-18 year olds about their experiences of not being in education. ‘ Of the 64 young people interviewed, 41 were of African- Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi origin. Craig G and Britton L. 2002. ‘Missing connexions’? Bristol/York: The policy press 4 (2) p. 39-41) This is backed up by my research as, only 10% of the university graduates I interviewed were black. Despite, the figures the research done by Gary Craig, can’t be completely related to my research as he interviewed the 16-18 year old category. Despite, Gary Craig focusing on a different age category to me (18 and onwards), the issue of the high number of African Caribbean not going onto HE, in comparison to other ethnic groups, stems from an early age. An article in the Times shows that only 27% of African- Caribbean achieve five or more GCSEs at grades A*-C. (Baldwin T. {13 March 2005} ‘ It’s not race that keeps black boys back’ The Times [online] also available from http://www. timesonline. co. uk/tol/comment/article426390. ece [Accessed 2nd January 2008]) In the same article it is mentioned that Trevor Phillips the chairman of the commission for racial equality. He did an experiment and found that black boys performed 12% better from all different races. This has sure to raises eyebrows with comprehensive secondary schools. In 1956, labour politician Anthony Crosland, introduced the idea that the pupils in secondary schools be streamed into separate classes according to their academic ability. ‘ In my opinion, with the influence of Trevor Phillips’s findings, I think we should question the way the pupil are ‘streamed. ‘ (Alcock P. 2003 ‘ Social Policy in Britain,’ Second edition pp. 44-5) The reasons why graduates decided to go to university were to increase their chances of employability, higher earning potential and enhance personal development, as I expected. Whereas, the non-graduates suggested that they didn’t have the discipline and motivation to stay in education any further. They also felt that they weren’t getting anything out of the years they had stayed in education before they left. In 2006, a study from the department for education and skills (DfES) found that the earnings between graduates and being educated at A Level is 45%. (Prospects Career Service Desk. ‘ How do graduates and non-graduates salaries compare? ‘ Available at http://www. prospects. ac. k/cms/ShowPage/Home_page/Main_menu___Research/Labour_market_information/Labour_market_FAQs/How_do_graduate_and_non_graduate_salaries_compare_/p! elkFpLg;jsessionid=a630e2bd2c3b6b3225f1 [Accessed 2nd January]) The public perception of the benefits of going onto HE still remains and is clearly shown in my research. In the second question, I asked the respondent’s to answer on a scale of 1-10 to answer how had a university degree helped their career . The mean answer yielded a value of 8. 7, in comparison to the non-graduates with a value of 4. 5. This shows that the public are aware of the benefits and importance of HE. The reasons included that the graduates felt they took their education as far as they can, to enable them with to have the best opportunities as possible. One candidate actually mentioned Labour’s government target of 50% of 18-25 year olds going into HE, which meant the value of a degree, is still invaluable. In contrast, to the non-graduates they stated that since they didn’t follow through with education, they were left with limited opportunities that have affected their career. 60% of the candidates mentioned that they were always going to be second best to those who gone into HE. Despite, all the benefits of going into HE, in the current climate it is difficult to find jobs for graduates. In the article, in the telegraph it mentioned that over a third of graduates were in jobs in which they couldn’t see the benefits of being a graduate in the first place. (Smith. H {25th July 2006} ‘Third of graduates in non-graduate jobs’ Telegraph [online] Available from http://www. telegraph. co. uk/news/main. jhtml? xml=/news/2006/07/23/nuni. xml [Accessed 17th December 2006]). My research illustrates this point as only 40% of the graduates felt that they have been helped with investing in HE. The remaining felt that their university degree hasn’t helped them as yet, but will do in the long run. The graduates have faith with the opportunities of HE, despite being in a current role, in which they couldn’t see the benefits of HE. 95% of the total respondents would recommend an 18 year old to enter HE. The graduates felt that it is essential for personal development, two candidates mentioned ‘ to find yourself. ‘ Going onto university does have many benefits, like expanding you social scene, broadening horizons and learning more about the world we live in. These benefits help graduates in choosing the right and suitable path they want to go in terms of a job, because of the job prospects. In my opinion and my research shows this is that HE is important in the economic market. The literature documents I have used, doesn’t mention the class of students who got 1st, 2. 1 etc. This could explain why graduates were in ‘ non-graduate’ jobs. The research they have provided could have been more extensively. As we all know, the majority of university students are not going to get 1st class degree, as a result, they may not get their desire job. The job market has become such a competitive, as more and more students are going into HE. Therefore, it is becoming increasing likely that graduate jobs are going to be offered to those who have graduated with a 1st class from a top university. This raises the issue, why is the government raising the tuition fees and still wants people to go into HE? Is it right for someone who is attending university with the exception of Oxford pay the same fees? These are issues, which still need to be considered, because of university league tables. The university league tables have enabled employers to judge how well universities are doing. Therefore, is it right that the university which is last in the table be paying the same fees as the university at the top, whilst the job opportunities would be reduced? This area is very broad and brings about different questions, which still need to be looked. When New Labour took over they said their priorities is ‘education education education. ‘ Blair was quoted, as saying he wants to still ‘technocratic values,’ in which he wants the country to be as educated as possible, which in turn would have a positive effect on the economy. To what extent does attending university have an effect on the graduate’s employability? From my research, I have gathered that HE does help you in terms of employability, to what extent? It depends on the individual, if they are attending at a good university and enter the job market with a good class degree. There is no reason that the HE, can increase employability and the individual’s career. The full extensive benefits of HE can be seen, if the individual makes use of this education to the best of their ability. It all depends on the individual. How to cite An examination of the importance of going onto higher education and the impact that has on employability?, Papers

Pliocene Epoch free essay sample

During this time the world became much more like it is today, with ice caps, modern mammals, relatively modern geography, and the evolution of prehistoric man (ape man) ( see figure 1). â€Å"The Pliocene was a time of global cooling after the warmer Miocene. The cooling and drying of the global environment may have contributed to the enormous spread of grasslands and savannas during this time. The change in vegetation undoubtedly was a major factor in the rise of long-legged grazers who came to live in these areas. Additionally, the Panamanian land-bridge between North and South America appeared during the Pliocene, allowing migrations of plants and animals into new habitats. Of even greater impact was the accumulation of ice at the poles, which would lead to the extinction of most species living there, as well as the advance of glaciers and ice ages of the Late Pliocene and the following Pleistocene. † (Palmer 1999) The world was approaching that of today, and continents had taken up their present-day positions. We will write a custom essay sample on Pliocene Epoch or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During this time, India collided with Asia and gave rise to the Himalayan Mountains, the Himalayan uplift triggering a great global cooling (or accelerating the already unfolding cooling process) The Pliocene saw the continuation of the climatic cooling that had began in the Miocene, with subtropical regions retreating equatorially, the beginning of the large ice caps, especially in Antarctica, and the northern hemisphere lands and ocean cooling likewise. Antarctica was not yet completely frozen. In the northern hemisphere there is a gradual southward migration of marine invertebrates. Reflecting the cooling trend, Arctic species appear in Britain, and later, in the Mediterranean. So much so that the horizon of a normal marine bed can be determined by the percentage of species that (a) are extinct, (b) survive in more northern latitudes, and (c) are today found in more southern latitudes. ( Todd 2002) The Pliocene saw an almost complete turnover of molluscan species in numerous locations. (See figure 2) This is not to say that extinction rates approached 100% on the species level. In many cases, species ranges simply flowed back and forth with shifting climate. This is particularly noticeable in regions with long north-south coastlines, as in North America. Some of the Zanclean Pacific coast species simply relocated to the Gulf of California in the Gelasian, since the Gulf remained semitropical throughout the Pliocene. Pliocene vegetation was very like todays. Grasslands replaced forests, so grazing mammals spread at the expense of browsers. Cattle, sheep, antelopes, gazelles, and other bovids reached their peak. North American mammals included horses, camels, deer, pronghoms, peccaries, mastodons, beavers, weasels, dogs, and saber-toothed cats. Rhinoceroses and protoceratids died out in North America. The one-toed horse appears for the first time. The Pliocene period is regarded by many zoologists as the climax of the Age of Mammals. This epoch is characterized by the appearance of all of the presently existing orders and families, and many of the existing genera of mammals. The Pliocene was a time of great migration, owing to the appearance of new land bridges. The North American three-toed Hipparion horse crossed the Bering Straits land bridge and entered Asia and Europe, while mastodons entered the Americas from Asia. During the late Pliocene, about 3 million years ago, the isthmus of Panama ended South Americas isolation. The armadillo, ground sloth, opossums, and phorusrhacid birds were among the animals that migrated north from South America. And dogs, cats, bears, horses, mastodons, and others animals invaded South America from the north. This was catastrophic for some of the local animals, especially the big marsupial carnivores. Even today more than half the genera of South American mammals are descended from northern species. Australia, still isolated, saw rodents rafting in on mats of vegetation drifting south from Indonesia. (Serrano 1999) Primate evolution during the Pliocene is characterized by two major developments. Monkeys, which were relatively few and geographically restricted in the Miocene, spread throughout the Old World. The other event is the evolution of bipedal apes, or the first hominines (early humans). As many as eight different species of bipedal apes evolved during the Pliocene, all from a common ancestor that lived in Africa at least 4. 5 million years ago. The emerging avanna grasslands and retreating forests caused some apes to come down from the trees and take up life in the open, where they co-existed with early elephants, antelopes, and other types of animals. An erect posture was necessary for these vulnerable creatures to watch for predators, which also freed the hands for the use of makeshift tools (sticks etc). Two anthropologists, Donald Johansson and Tim White discovered a nd named Australopithecus afarensis better known as â€Å"Lucy† in 1974. The location she was found in was Hadar, Ethiopia in the Afar region, in mid-November. She was named Australopithecus afarensis after the Afar region that she was found in. For millions of years Lucy’s bones were buried where she had died, and erosion brought them back to the surface where there were discovered. Around midday, Johansson discovered several fossilized bones. After several hours of excavating and uncovering these bones, Johansson’s team had discovered about 40% of a small, bipedal, female skeleton. The specimen was 3. 5 million years old and is the oldest, most complete, and best-preserved skeleton ever found of Australopithecus. Later on in the night to celebrate, the team played some tunes, and after listening to the popular Beatles Song, Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds, named the specimen Lucy. From Lucy’s skeleton we can infer many physical traits she possessed. Lucy’s thighbone suggests that she was three feet, seven inches in height. She had long arms and short legs as well as an ape like chest. Lucy also had a V shaped jaw. Her pelvis and lower limbs show all the adaptation necessary for an upright stance. The state of her bone growth and the presence of her wisdom teeth suggest that she died in her mid-twenties. See figure 3) Supernovas near Earth are rare today, but during the Pliocene era of Australopithecus supernovas happened more often. Their source was an interstellar cloud called Sco-Cen that was slowly gliding by the solar system. ( See figure 4) Within it, dense knots coalesced to form short-lived massive stars, which exploded like popcorn. Researchers estimate (with considerable uncertainty) that a supernova less than 25 light years away would extinguish much of the life on Earth. The blast neednt incinerate our planet. All it would take is enough cosmic rays to damage the ozone layer and let through lethal doses of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Our ancestors survived the Pliocene blasts only because the supernovas werent quite so close. We know because we can still see the cloud today. It is 450 light years from Earth and receding in the direction of the constellations Scorpius and Centaurus (hence the clouds name, Sco-Cen). Astronomer Jesus Maiz-Apellaniz of Johns Hopkins University recently backtracked Sco-Cens motion and measured its closest approach: 130 light years away about 5 million years ago.

King Arthur Essays (478 words) - Knights Of The Round Table, Fiction

King Arthur The uglier the truth the truer the friend is a statement that has been echoed throughout the history of time. In "Camelot", King Arthur experienced this quotation first hand. Even though "Camelot" is a fictional movie, the same situation that befell King Arthur really occurs in real life to everyday people. Just by looking at Pellinore, you would not think that he was a trustworthy man. Dirty, hair uncombed, dingy clothes are all words that could be used to describe Pellinore's appearance. But as the old saying goes "Don't judge a book by its cover" and you should not judge Pellinore by his looks. King Arthur had so many "Yes men" in his court, that he could not depend on them to tell him the truth because they were to worried jeopardizing their position in the court. However, Pellinore did not have this problem because he did not have a position to lose. In Arthur's heart of hearts, he had a feeling that Lancelot and Guinevere were having a physical relationship together. Being the honest and trustworthy man that he was, Arthur refused to believe that his best friend and his wife, whom he loved to death, would do such a deceitful thing to him. Pellinore could not stand to see his friend be the center of rumors. Therefore, he decided to tell Arthur about the dishonesty that was happening right under. Arthur, still in denial, rejected Pellinore's allegation. Only after he was threatened with the prospect of death, did reluctantly refute his allegation. Arthur only saw the light after he witness for himself Lancelot and Guinevere's relationship. The situation that happened to Arthur, also happens to common people. My aunt went through a similar predicament when she was in college. Her roommates boyfriend constantly flirted with her. Tired of his endless advances, she decided to tell her roommate. Her roommate, who was also her friend, did not want to believe what she was saying. So she confronted her boyfriend with the accusation. Of course he denied it and in addition said that my aunt was the one doing the flirting. The roommate sided with her boyfriend and did not talk to her for months. Finally, the roommate saw her boyfriend for who he was. Only after she caught him cheating for herself. Out of everybody in King Arthur's court, only Pellinore came out and told Arthur about Lancelot's and Guinevere's relationship. My aunt was the sole person to tell her roommate about her boyfriend. Later she found out that she was not the only one of her roommate's friends who he had flirted with. The truth hurts. Instead of believing a truth that will hurt, people naturally tend to go into denial. But it still takes a real friend to tell you something that may hurt you now in order for you not being hurt more in the future. King Arthur and my aunt's roommate learned this the hard way. cared about their . In the end they both regretted not listening to the people who truly cared about them.

20 Cell Biology Research Project Topics

20 Cell Biology Research Project Topics For example, today, you were given an assignment. The task is to write a project on cell biology, and like the majority of students, you believe in your ability to write creatively and accurately. But a question keeps lingering on your mind, and it is: where do I start from? We are excited to tell you that this article is written with only one thing in mind to show you the way. Writing on the topic of cell biology is a task that can only be fulfilled when a student has a good knowledge of its subject and a good topic in mind. It happens this way because ‘topics’ serve as the major yardstick needed to direct your entire vision of your article. So here, we will start by providing you with 20 brilliant topics covering the length and breadth of cell biology. 20 Exciting Topics for a Research Paper on Cell Biology Analyzing the Basics of Cellular Structures and Functions The Two Basic Types of Biological Cells and Their Features Understanding the Roles of Cell Membranes and Their Importance to All Life-Forms Phospholipids, Cell Membranes and Protection Mechanisms in Living Cells The Study of Cell Biology and Its Role in Understanding Genetics Analyzing the Different and Symbiotic Roles of DNA and RNA in Cell Genetics The Roles of Nucleic Acid in Managing Growth and Reproduction in Living Cells Discussing the Functions of Organelles in Cells and Their Correlation to Nucleic Acids Analyzing the Different Organelles in Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells through Their Functions Defining and Differentiates Cells: A Study of the Role of Genetic Materials Analyzing the Different Features of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells Snacking on Sunlight: Discussing the Role of Sunlight as an Energy Source for Cells Analyzing the Molecular Energy Sources for Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells and Their Major Pathways to Creating Usable Energy An Analysis of Prokaryotic Cells and Their Pathways to Creating Energy Understanding Cell Biology, Energy Conservation and Molecular Energy Reserves Energy Reserve and the Role It Plays in Sustaining Cellular Life-forms Analyzing the Varying Life Spans of Cells and what Drives These Variations Understanding Apoptosis and the Sequences Cells Employ in Self-destructing The Importance of Apoptosis in Growth and Studying the Impact of Defective Cells Now, we have the topics to set the pace in writing your research project. But this isn’t the only help we plan on providing you with. In the preceding paragraphs, a topic, chosen from this list, will be writing on using research format to help you structure and draft your own research paper with ease. So stay tuned. Sample Essay on Analyzing the Basics of Cellular Structures and Features Understanding the basics of cell structure and how they go about ensuring cell functions as the basic unit of life is a piece of knowledge that can be applied efficiently in this field of science. This research paper focuses on analyzing these basic structures and outlining their overall importance to all life-forms. A cell is the basic unit of life and represents the smallest living organism with the ability to function as a life form. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of this very unit of life has revolutionized medicine and still can take research and development in health care to greater heights. All cells are fully equipped with the ability to eat, grow, protect itself and reproduce. These capabilities are made possible through the integration of the certain structures in the smallest of nature’s organisms. To fully understand how they go about these functions, it is imperative that a close look at the structure of a sail is analyzed and understood from scratch. Therefore, my research will be focused on how cell forms eat, grow and protect their internal environment. For an organism to grow, it must have a steady source of replenishments to secure the energy needed for growth. In cells, this energy source comes from two primary elements: the sun and a molecular sugar or fat. The nucleus, serving as the major operating system, contains multiple organelles to drive its functions. The organelle used for managing energy is the mitochondria. This organelle receives information from the nucleus via ribonucleic acid (RNA), which initiates its need to acquire and refine energy from the sun. After that, a process similar to photosynthesis ensures that the energy is broken down into manageable parts for cells to consume. Then it provides the entire organism with the needed energy to grow and protect itself. As a unit of life, it is important for cells to protect their internal environment from intrusive external sources and it does it using membranes. Cell membranes are initially created from a framework of fat based acids commonly known as- phospholipids. These membranes are built to do a lot of protective and even digestive work. Cell membranes protect hydrophilic substances, both residing inside the cell or from external sources, from leaving or entering the cells internal space. These hydrophilic substances naturally gravitate towards water sources, and letting that process occur without restraint harms a cell’s structure. The genetic structure or codes of cellular organisms also play an important part in keeping the entire structure in synch. That is because they send messages to other structures of the cell- mitochondria, chromosomes, etc.- on how to behave or function. Cells do this through the symbiotic relationship between DNA and RNA. Basically, DNA produces the information needed by each structure to work, while the RNA helps transport and transcribe the provided information for the entire organism. These basic maneuvers ensure that single cells, cells in animals and plants function in a healthy manner. Here we come to the end of his article covering topics you can exploit when writing about cell biology. For further reading, the following articles come highly recommended as they complement the information contained here: 10 facts for a research paper on cell biology and how to write a good research project on cell biology. References: Toward a New Synthesis? DNA and Cell Biology- Comparative and Controversial. (2007). DNA and Cell Biology, 26(10), pp.697-698. Miller, K. (2010). Finding the Key – Cell Biology and Science Education. Trends in Cell Biology, 20(12), pp.691-694. Salvatore, F., Cariati, F. and Tomaiuolo, R. (2015). Facts, Challenges, Difficulties and Hopes in Single-Cell Biology: Physiopathological Studies. Single Cell Biology, 04(03). Khodjakov, A. and Rieder, C. (2009). The Nature of Cell-cycle Checkpoints: Facts and Fallacies. Journal of Biology, 8(10), p.88. Hozà ©, N. and Holcman, D. (2016). Statistical Methods for Large Ensembles of Super-Resolution Stochastic Single Particle Trajectories in Cell Biology. Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application, 4(1). Pappas, G. and Brandt, P. (1959). Mitochondria: I. Fine Structure of the Complex Patterns in the Mitochondria of Pelomyxa carolinensis Wilson (Chaos chaos L.). The Journal of Cell Biology, 6(1), pp.85-90. Lipid Oxidation and Signalling in Programmed Cell Death. (2003). Molecular Membrane Biology, 20(1), pp.93-94.

Theme of Escape in The Glass Menagerie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theme of Escape in The Glass Menagerie - Essay Example I traveled around a great deal †¦ I would have stopped, but I was pursued by something† (VII, 237). That something turns out to be the images and sounds of the sister he left behind. While Tom is now a member of the merchant marine and an accomplished traveler, living out the internal dreams of his youth in a way he had never thought possible, this outward show of personal dream fulfillment is revealed as little more than an illusion of its own. In truth, Tom’s heart remains trapped within the small apartment he shared with his mother and sister. Amanda attempts to live vicariously through her daughter and the future she envisions for her but is constantly disappointed. She indicates girls in her time â€Å"knew how to entertain their gentleman callers. It wasn’t enough for a girl to be possessed of a pretty face and a graceful figure – although I wasn’t slighted in either respect. She also needed to have a nimble wit and a tongue to meet all occasions† (I, 148). She continues to encourage Laura to hold out hopes for a good marriage. This starts with her own recitation of the quality of her suitors, â€Å"My callers were gentlemen – all! Among my callers were some of the most prominent young planters of the Mississippi Delta – planters and sons of planters† (I, 148). Yet this future based on the past will never happen. Laura is the only character permitted to live almost totally removed from the real world through her glass figures and old records. Laura’s habit of escaping backwards into childhood can be traced as she first dropped out of high school because she â€Å"made bad grades on my final examinations† (VII, 219) and then dropped out of business school: â€Å"I couldn’t go back there. I – threw up – on the floor!† (II, 155). She escapes instead into a romanticized world of early childhood. Her options have become

Transformational Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words - 1

Transformational Leadership - Essay Example Based at Fort George, the Black Watch is the 3rd Battalion of the Royal Regiment of Scotland (3 SCOTS) (Arm 2011). Serving the Black Watch as a Company Sergeant Major, I handle a total of 120 soldiers under my command. To become successful in each of the military mission, the Army as a group needs good leadership. Considering my role and responsibilities as Company Sergeant Major, this report will focus on applying leadership theories, principles and techniques in my chosen profession. Prior to the conclusion, factors that make a good leader will be thoroughly discussed. Unlike the role of managers who are managing business organizations, leadership in the military is not about organizational hierarchy, top-down management, or even the use of positional or authoritative power in terms of controlling a group of soldiers. Likewise, it is a myth that military officers within the army are all about following the chain of command since soldiers who are in the military service treat one another as members of a large family. Even though effective commanders are expected to possess command skills and practice good leadership, the true concept of leadership is not about commanding a group of soldiers who are under the control of the commanders Yukl (2002, p. 2) defined leadership as â€Å"a process whereby intentional influence is exerted by one person over other people to guide, structure, and facilitate activities and relationships in a group or organization†. On the other hand, McNamara (2008) defined leadership as â€Å"a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent†. In relation to these definitions, Taylor, Rosenbach, and Rosenbach (2009, p. 1) explained that effective leadership â€Å"is all about getting people to work together to make things happen that might not otherwise occur or to prevent things from happening that would ordinarily take place†. It simply means that effective military leaders include those individuals who are capable not only in influencing other soldiers to strictly follow what is being commanded to them but also motivate, inspire and empower a group of soldiers as uniq ue individuals under my guidance.

Assignment about Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment about Leadership - Essay Example This is the case with Benes. He had not bothered to know how Madoff made all the money. Due Diligence requires that every investor undertake an investigation that aims at gathering information on the actual risks involved when one is getting into any investment. It is clear that most of these feeder funds failed to do due diligence since they had so much faith in Madoff. It is said that Madoff was a successful party player in Wall Street and thus expected to have a pool of experience in stock trading. The single thing that actually made people believe so easily in him is the fact that the people who had already invested into his Company were making a lot of money consistently even when the market was down. Madoff also allowed them to operate without paying fees for their transactions, a move that enabled them to make a lot of money from numerous investors they had in their firms. This was bait since they saw they could earn even more money from these operations. It was also easy for people not to perform due diligence because many huge companies and prominent people had invested with Madoff. This made people trust in Madoff as an expert in his field. The study of Bernie Madoff scandal brings out a number of personalities about him. To start with, it is easier to say that He had a narcissistic personality since it is evident he was absolutely convinced that he was better than everyone else was. Looking at the whole scandal, we can only conclude that Madoff was a great liar. He deceived everyone. No one knew how the company made all those funds, starting from his family to the Government. He managed to deceive everyone for around 30 years Madoff operated his illegal business. He stole from so many people and did not care the harm he caused them, both financially and emotionally. This is also seen when Bienes firm was closed down after it was said it was an illegal firm. Bienes was

7TM Helix Protein Rhodopsin and Bacteriorhodopsin Comparison

7TM Helix Protein Rhodopsin and Bacteriorhodopsin Comparison Compare and contrast the 7TM helix proteins rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin at the molecular and cellular levels. Rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin both belong to the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. They each have 7 alpha helical transmembrane domains which are embedded in their respective membranes. The two proteins are related but not identical and therefore contain many similarities as well as differences. Structurally the proteins are similar, while functionally, aside from being light-sensitive proteins and using light to initiate their processes, these two distinct proteins have a range of differences. Rhodopsin is a eukaryotic protein and it is the main photoreceptor pigment contained within the discs of the outer segment of vertebrate rod photoreceptors amongst other supporting proteins. Rhodopsin molecules have very high sensitivity to light and are the pigment responsible for enabling vision in dim light conditions and monochromatic vision in the dark. Exposure of rhodopsin to light causes the pigment to be photobleached, this initiates the transmission of the optical signal. The full regeneration of the human rhodopsin molecule occurs within approximately 45 minutes. Bacteriorhodopsin is a prokaryotic protein present in archaea. It is a light-dependent proton pump which is used to carry out phototrophy. Energy from light is utilised to move protons out of the cell, across the membrane, forming a large concentration gradient and making the inside of the cell up to 10000 times more alkali than outside. The subsequent proton gradient is converted into chemical energy. Both rhodop sin and bacteriorhodopsin maximally absorb light of the wavelength around 500nm which is the green colour range. Both rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin contain a retinal chromophore, although the two chromophores are not identical and rather, are isomers of each other. The retinal chromophore is comprised of a ÃŽ ²-ionone ring bound to a polyene chain. In both cases the retinal chromophore is positioned horizontally within the membrane. Rhodopsin is formed of the protein opsin and the reversibly and covalently bound co-factor 11-cis-retinal, which is the photo-reactive chromophore. Opsin consists of 7 transmembrane ÃŽ ± helices which are connected by polypeptide loops which occlude the agonist binding site. There is an 8th helix present in opsin however this is not transmembranous and plays a regulatory role in rhodopsin. The Æ -amino group of lysine 296 within the opsin molecule is covalently bound to the aldehyde group of retinal by a protonated Schiff base in a central cavity between the 6th and 7th helix. Bacteriorhodopsin is formed of the protein bacterio-opsin which is bound to all-trans-retinal in a covalent and reversible manner. Bacterio-opsin, as in rhodopsin, is formed of 7 transmembrane ÃŽ ± helices connected by polypeptide loops. The Æ -amino of lysine 216 within bacterio-opsin is covalently bound to the aldehyde group of retinal. Again this interaction occurs within a central pocket on the 7th helix. Rhodopsin exists as a monomer within the membrane of rod cells whereas bacteriorhodopsin in its wild type state is in a trimer of 3 identical protein chains each rotated 120 ° relative to the others. Bacteriorhodopsin and rhodopsin have no detectable sequence homology to one another, however due to the similarity of their tertiary structures it is believed they are evolutionarily related. In vertebrate rod cells light induces phototransduction by interaction with rhodopsin. Light is absorbed very efficiently by retinal due to its polyene tail. The retinal absorbs a photon which causes it to undergo an isomerisation reaction to the activated all-trans-retinal configuration from its initial 11-cis-retinal configuration. In order to accommodate the altered shape of the all-trans-retinal the rhodopsin molecule undergoes a series of relaxations which includes the movement of helices 5 and 6 outwards creating a cavity, this movement is around 5Ã…. Upon the absorption of a photon by the retinal chromophore the rhodopsin molecule is converted to photorhodopsin within 200 femtoseconds. The second intermediate forms within picoseconds following irradiation and is called bathorhodopsin, this has all-trans bonds which are distorted. The next intermediate is lumirhodopsin which forms within nanoseconds. Lumirhodopsin is converted to metarhodopsin I within milliseconds. During t hese steps the protonated Schiff’s base remains unchanged. Finally metarhodopsin I is converted to metarhodopsin II, within milliseconds, this causes the Schiff base to become deprotonated. Neuronal excitation is initiated by metarhodopsin II activating transducin, an associated G protein, triggering a second messenger cascade with cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), activating the visual phototransduction pathway. The activation of transducin is triggered by the exchange of GDP to GTP on the ÃŽ ± subunit of transducin. Activated transducin binds and removes the inhibitory subunits which inactivate cGMP phosphodiesterase. This process activatescGMP phosphodiesterase which subsequently hydrolyses cGMP. Hydrolysis of cGMP reduces the cellular levels of cGMP which leads to inactivation of the cGMP-gated cation channels in the cell membrane. This causes the photoreceptor cells to become hyperpolarised altering the rate of neurotransmitter release and resulting in neuronal sign alling. At each step of this process the signal is amplified. Deactivation of metarhodopsin II occurs by interaction with rhodopsin kinase and arrestin. Rhodopsin kinase phosphorylates the activated GPCR and arrestin desensitizes it. Regeneration of the rhodopsin pigment to its original state must occur in order to allow phototransduction to occur again.Multiple serine and threonine residues at the carboxyl terminal of metarhodopsin II are phosphorylated, this is catalysed by rhodopsin kinase, arrestin then binds to the altered metarhodopsin II preventing further interaction with transducin. The ÃŽ ± subunit of the transducin re-associates with the ÃŽ ²Ãƒâ€ Ã‚ ´ subunits and its in-built GTP-ase activity hydrolyses the GTP to GDP, this returns the cGMP phosphodiesterase to its inactive state. cGMP is synthesised from GTP by guanylate cyclase increasing the cGMP levels to reopen the cGMP gated channels and this allows restoration of the cell to its original state. In bacteriorhodopsin, like in rhodopsin, it is the retinal molecule which absorbs a photon and changes conformation. The initial all-trans-retinal configuration is converted to 13-cis-retinal. This isomerisation causes the bacteriorhodopsin molecule to undergo a conformational change, via a number of intermediates, to accommodate the change in retinal structure. This change of conformation subsequently alters the proton pumping action of bacteriorhodopsin. Upon absorption of a photon the all-trans-retinal photoisomerises to 13-cis-retinal, this is almost the exact opposite of the cis-retinal to trans-retinal configuration change that occurs in rhodopsin. In bacteriorhodopsin the initial photo-isomerisation results in the intermediate J600, as in rhodopsin this first isomerisation occurs in a femtosecond timescale. J600 subsequently becomes K590 within 5 picoseconds. The next conversion of the K590 intermediate to the L550 intermediate happens within 2 microseconds. This conversion re sults in stronger hydrogen bonding between aspartate 85 and the protonated Schiff base within the extracellular channel. Conversion of L550 to the extracellular M410 intermediate occurs within microseconds, this process involves the translocation of a proton from the protonated Schiff base to the proton acceptor aspartate 85, within the extracellular channel, this takes microseconds. In order for the proton transport to occur out of the cell the Schiff base cannot be reprotonated by aspartate 85, otherwise no proton transport could occur. Instead, the access of the Schiff base must be altered to prevent reprotonation by aspartate 85. Next the extracellular M410 is converted to cytoplasmic M410, this allows the Schiff base to be deprotonated from the outside of the cell membrane and reprotonated from the inside of the cell and hence this change of access for the M410 intermediate from extracellular to cytoplasmic allows unidirectional proton transport out of the cell. This alteration repositions the access for the Schiff base from extracellular to intracellular. The cytoplasmic M410 is then converted to the N560 intermediate Following the earlier change in access for the Schiff base, it can then be reprotonated from aspartate 96 which is located within a channel from the cytoplasm to the membrane. This process occurs within milliseconds. The aspartate 96 is then reprotonated from the cytoplasm to allow the Schiff base to be reprotonated multiple times and allow the cycle to continue. To ensure one-way proton transport the Schiff base must be accessible to either aspartate 96 or aspartate 85 during different stages of the cycle and therefore the positioning of the Schiff base must be switched dependent on which aspartate requires access and the stage of the cycle, aspartate 85 needs access to deprotonate the Schiff base on the extracellular side and aspartate 96 is used to reprotonate the Schiff base from the cytoplasm. Aspartate 85 and aspartate 96 are now both protonated in the N560 intermediate and this leads to a subsequent thermoisomerisation reaction. During this thermoisomerisation The N560 intermediate is converted to the O640 intermediate. In this step the activated 13-cis-retinal configuration is thermally isomerised back to the original all-trans-retinal configuration. To complete this cycle the aspartate 85 must be deprotonated. The final step involves the conversion of the O640 intermediate back to bacteriorhodopsin. The Schiff base is again repositioned switching the access to it back from the cytoplasmic side back to the extracellular side of the membrane, aspartate 85 is then deprotonated to restore the bacteriorhodopsin molecule back to its original state which facilitates the continual pumping of protons out of the cell across the membrane. The protons in the extracellular matrix are allowed to flow back into the cell via ATP synthase down the concentration gradient, this allows the synthesis of ATP which provides the ene rgy to power the archaea cell. There are a large number of differences ranging from the amino acid sequences to the functions of bacteriorhodopsin and rhodopsin, however in spite of these vast differences there are still many similarities including the 3 dimensional structure and the presence of a photon absorbing retinal chromophore. These similarities have led to the 2 proteins being grouped together in the Structural Classification Of Proteins and they provide relevant structural information about other 7 transmembrane proteins in order to make structural predictions and associations about other similar proteins.

Comparing Company Website Design :: Internet

Microsoft I have been to this site fairly recently, and it has been updated since then. It is pretty colorful, and is easy to navigate. All of the different Products and Downloads are listed on the sidebar of the page. This reflects the company well, because they are a computer company, so I would hope that their website would be the best that I went to. And it was. There was a lot on the website but it was very organized. At the bottom there is a link to contact them, and even a link for Journalists. This page had a lot of product news and consumer news. This was a great site. World Health Organization The WHO website could have been a little more organized, but it was fairly easy to navigate. The picture on the home page made you very sympathetic to the cause. It also made you want to learn more. There were links for 6 different languages, and that was easy to find. There was also a search tool at the bottom just in case something was hard to find. It was hard to find a Contact Us link. I liked that the home page had news releases and other featured sites involving World health. Intel The Intel site was very animated and 3-D looking. While it wasn’t as organized as Microsoft, it was still easy to navigate. It had resources for businesses and personal separate, and also news was readily available. The also had a Site Map link at the bottom, which was very organized, just not as colorful. There was a lot of advertising on their home page, which was a great idea. There is a Contact Us and Press Room link at the very top of the page, which is great for consumers and journalists. Apple The Apple/Mac website was a little cluttered, but still easy to look around. They have very colorful â€Å"hip† looking pages, that appeal to younger people. You had to log in for some stuff, but most things were accessible. It was hard to find a Contact Us, or Journalist link. They focused a lot on the store and selling accessories and iPods. (I can imagine this is more during the Christmas season) This website is updated a lot, because I visit it frequently. It looks like a lot of effort is put into this site, and it is very aesthetically pleasing. Dell Dell went a step further in separating information .

Empowered to formulate

Strategic management involves decision making , formulation# and implementation of plans and carrying out actions towards achieving the objectives as changes are brought forth in the business environment and complexity of the equines. It is a continuous, long term process that requires strategic foresight and consists of risk.The strategic management is empowered to formulate policies regarding capital investment, mergers, expansion and so on. Some of the areas looked at under this management: Operations; decisions pertaining to production scheduling, inventory levels, pricing, marketing strategy, etc. These are often repetitive in nature, decentralized and at a the functional level Administrative; changes in organization triggered by strategic and operating problems. #Strategy formulation: SOOT Analysis: Strength- Weaknesses of the firm-opportunities-Threats. The four conditions will indicate the portfolio strategy and other strategies it should pursue.It presents itself as a system atic approach. Strength: strong brand name, quality products, state of the art tech, strong R&D support, good human resource management, good industrial relations, good reserves and high credit rating, efficient board of directors Weaknesses: poor sales force, weak distribution, poor inventory management, high costs, poor human resources, poor morale, low credit rating and inefficient managers. Opportunities: regulation, import liberalizing, economic boom, favorable change in customer behavior, consumerism Threats: political instability, recession, lower income and reduction in population.TOES Matrix: strategy- formulation tool based on internal(s; w) and external factors(o; t) SO strategy; maximize strength, maximize opportunity WOW strategy: minimize weakness, maximize opportunity SST strategy: maximize strength, min threat WIT strategy: min weakness, min threat. Strategic management has its downside too; it requires highly experienced or qualified members making it a costly affai r. Even good strategies lacking implementation may not yield the expected result thus causing frustration. The environment can be highly unpredictable bringing risks and a MIS-timed strategy can result in heavy losses.

Bad Teachers Essay

There are many types of teachers that each student encounters in their high school careers. Four different types include: the â€Å"blow-off† teacher, the hard teacher, the funny teacher and the best friend teacher. These diverse â€Å"species† of teachers make high school interesting, demanding and enjoyable. Each type provides you with a different aspect of what the true high school experience should feel like. The â€Å"blow-off† teacher is the teacher that everyone wants. He or she is usually classified as the one that does not assign difficult assignments or challenging tests. These teachers usually hate being at school just as much as the students do. Instead of cramming in a quick lesson on half-days or shortened days, they would rather give a study hall or nap break. These teachers are usually favorites but also do not prepare you for your next educational step unlike the harder teachers would. The hard teacher is the teacher that everyone does not want. The moment when the student sees his or her new schedule and sees their name, they automatically know that it is going to be a miserable year unless they can switch out. Then, they exhaust their efforts only to find that everyone else switched out before them and he or she is stuck in that class. During the year, they are despondent, up to your eyeballs in papers and projects. But, at the end of the year, they are very thankful that the difficult and demanding teacher prepared you correctly for the new challenge that the next  academic year may bring. The funny teacher is also one that everyone wants. His or her humor makes the class, even if it is hard, enjoyable. The student often looks forward to their class and is in a much better mood than for other classes. The teacher can retain the students’ attention through comedy and wit and the point of the lesson is regularly understood better. The teacher is usually a favorite and even though the material that needs to be learned is difficult, students love going to that class and listening to the teacher’s jokes. The best friend teacher is the teacher that is the most relatable. He or she is usually very young and often takes about inappropriate things with his or her students. Students feel as if the teacher is a peer and not an elder. This results in favoring certain students that the teacher has a special relationship with. This also results in students wanting the specific teacher because of that reason, not because of the desire to learn and expand their knowledge. The pushover teacher is also a student favorite. These teachers usually let their classes rule over them and push them over. Items that are affected by the student’s decisions can range from due dates to tests and assignments. These teachers are usually too afraid to stand up to their students and therefore give in to begging from the students to change due dates and tests. The good teacher is the one that you love for actually teaching you. He or she is an excellent teacher that assigns fair assignments and tests. They  are very helpful in ways of explaining situations or different ways of solving a problem. The students love to attend his or her class because they know that they will learn something that is beneficial to their education. These teachers are usually loved and respected by students because of their excellent way of teaching. In conclusion, during any student’s high school career, they will most likely experience any one of the main â€Å"species† of teachers: the â€Å"blow-off† teacher, the hard teacher, the funny teacher, the best friend teacher, the pushover teacher and the good teacher. Each teacher assists the student in completing high school and making the difficult transition into the busy and complex life of college.

Strategic Analysis of WRSX Group The WritePass Journal

Strategic Analysis of WRSX Group Introduction Strategic Analysis of WRSX Group IntroductionPhrase one. Analyzing the strategic positionPhrase Two. Making Strategic ChoicesPhrase Three. Analyzing the strategic actionsConclusion Reference Related Introduction Phrase one. Analyzing the strategic position In this stage, is analyzing the strategic position of WRSX Group. By using the PESTEL framework we can analyse the many different factors in a firms macro environment. PESTEL analysis is a useful tool for understanding the â€Å"big picture† of the environment, in which you are operating, and the opportunities and threats that lie within it. By understanding the environment in which you operate (external to your company or department), you can take advantage of the opportunities and minimize the threats. (Ghemawat, 2008). The Five Force frameworks will response to the industry analysis. Five Forces is a framework for industry analysis and business strategy development. It is consisted of five key factors; entry barriers, buyer power, supplier power, substitute competitions and industry competitor. (Johnson and Scholes, 2009) The SWOT is useful when we are analyzing the internal environment of WRSX Group. It is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. (Strengths: characteristics of th e business or team that give it an advantage over others in the industry. Weaknesses: are characteristics that place the firm at a disadvantage relative to others. Opportunities: external chances to make greater sales or profits in the environment. Threats: external elements in the environment that could cause trouble for the business). (David, 1995) For the current situation of whole industry of advertising, it is under high level competition. A considerable numbers of agencies live in this industry. The range of their scale is quite widely, it covers large international agencies to small local business firm even only two people involved. Meanwhile, lots of business opportunities in advertising. Under the whole world economic is increasing background, firms are comfortable to put budget on advertise part. Generally speaking, the advertising industry is trend to maturely and prosperously. However, lots of elements could be influence advertising industry. The industry trends to mature, then the problem come out, which is market shrink. New media develops. Due to the outstanding advantages of it, whole advertising industry has to move the core to new media filed. Competitive advantages in advertising industry mainly deriving from creative innovative capability, range and breadth of services or products. The creative innovate capability is the most important for any agency in advertising industry due to it is the key thing to clarify differentiation of products or services what they are supply . At the same time, this is also a significant factor to attract clients. The key stakeholders in the WRSX Group, expects a long – term global brand developments and achievements. In somewhere, conflicts may exist different stakeholder groups. (Johnson and Scholes, 2009, p.106 ) Currently performance of WRSX Group is relatively successful. However, some aspects should be enhanced. The attraction Retention: WRSX Group scores highly on its market research capability and its understanding of market segments and channels, also scores highly in terms of its creativity and innovation, but not in USA. The breadth of services matches the industry average. The Leadership Capability: some offices perform well but others perform badly in terms of Management of Operations, Information Management and Administration. This is the reason for why its score of this below industry average. Management of Risk: the WRSX Group has performed well in management of Financial Risk, but it has dropped below average due to some acquisitions have not been perceived as financially astute. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Previous analyses have shown high scores for WRSX Group in terms of its ethical stance and its social profile but lower for corporate governance. After the discus sing processing in the presentation group, some of strategic issues are find out. The first one is relation to marketing. The revenue of WRSX Group in Asia Pacific has some problems due to the WRSX Group does not focus on the new media and digital media filed. It leads to lose attraction to clients. The second one is the financial problem. The WRSX Group get high level staff costs, while the revenue is not good enough to support this behavior. The third one is the management issue, including the corruption, the weak leadership capabilities and the bad procurement. The WRSX Group losing talent people in firms, which influence the creation and reputation. The awful acquisitions make WRSX Group losing financial supports to develop brand value. Broadly speaking, the WRSX Group has matched average score in advertising industry. Meanwhile, there are something above have to enhanced or revised, which aim to achieve the global brand development of WRSX Group. Phrase Two. Making Strategic Choices In this stage, is analyzing the strategic choices of WRSX Group. The current strategy of the WRSX Group is in some aspects. For the marketing, the exits market of WRSX Group indeed need develop, which aims to enhance the capability. Meanwhile, lots of new thing are waiting for the WRSX Group to achieve as well. The choice of opening new markets, such as new media or digital media field could be excellent for WRSX Group. (Johnson and Scholes,2009) For the WRSX Group, it defines itself as a creative advertising agency in the industry. So the WRSX Group the group should keep and attract the experienced staffs who equipped high level innovation and creativity. The talent and quality staffs are not enough to make sure the WRSX Group goes well. The situation of weak leadership capability of WRSX Group has to be improved. The weak awareness of leadership could be the reason for some awful acquisitions what the WRSX Group did. The money losing release pressure to WRSX Group’s financia l. For the financial part, control the costs and the budget for acquisitions should be done immediately. Meanwhile, keep its revenue also indeed. It is able to make sure the whole agency goes well. It is the foundation of enhance the WRSX Group’s buying power, increase its reputation and develop new market. Generally speaking, the strategic gaps of WRSX Group have list above, it focus on several aspects which are the future and exist marketing development, the human recourse issue about the weak leadership capabilities lack of talent people in group and the cost and budget problems response to finance. In this stage, in order to evaluate our strategic choices, also shrinking the gaps which mentioned, the group members analyzed about suitability, acceptability and feasibility aspects of the WRSX Group.(Johnson and Scholes, 2009) While some problems in implementing the choice we are making at this stage. They are in different levels. In corporate level, the group should focus new market or new field developing, meanwhile, enhance the attraction of WRSX Group is necessary as well. While in the business level, revise the leadership issue should be done, and risk management should be consideration. Whether or not to open new markets in international market should be make the choice. The result of us for this aspect is developing the Chinese market as the new market for the WRSX Group. Another aspect, talent and experienced people are losing in the New Work office of WRSX Group. This influences the creative quality of the WRSX Group. There still have some risks for the WRSX Group. Those risks are linked to the problems which are presented in the phrase one. The reputation risk links to the talent and experienced people losing, the whole team creative capability is influenced; the financial risk links to the weak leadership capability, some bad acquisitions losing money. Phrase Three. Analyzing the strategic actions In this stage, is analyzing the strategic actions of WRSX Group. Based on the results what we got from previous two stages, there are four options of action picked up from six of them. The four options are Managing Generation Y: delivering the Doughnuts, Sustainability policy, exploiting the digital opportunity, Expansion into China. After those actions taken, the share price increased from 2.28 GBP to 2.50 GBP. The revenue, profit and PBIT index increasedas well. The assumption brought out on the task which is hoping the share price increased due to the right decisions what we made. However, some disagreements are appears in the processing of pick up those options mentioned above. The most outstanding problem in discussing is disagreement of the definition of some options. Every group member presents their own opinions and awareness of each option. After that, compare with every member’s presentation, then pick up the agreements and disagreements. For the disagreement, group members discuss about them again. The reasonable word should be come out when the member presenting. At the end, the final decisions were made by the majority opinion of group members. For the personal decisions degree of certainty, it might be seven or eight degree on a scale of one to ten. But other members also keep some common opinions with me. This is reason for why the degree in high level. After each group meeting and seminar, lots of resources and results come out for the WRSX Group. It is able to use these resources to obtain more achievements, response to financial and social relationship part. The WRSX Group equipped experienced and talent staff, whom equipped excellent innovation and creativity capabilities to produce or supply services. However, this is not including the New York office due to some talent and experienced people quit the WRSX Group. All in all, the WRSX Group still obtained high level reputation in this industry. At the meantime, the WRSX Group doing well about market research, which is rely on understanding its market parts and methods. As the consequences of it, many spaces for the group are able to develop. For instances, set up the Chinese market as the new market for the WRSX Group. For global advertising market, the United States occupied most percent of it. However, in the global advertising market in general downward trend, China, Russia a nd some other advertising market showed vitality. For Chinese advertising market, it is continuous developing with high speed in last decade. In 2010, the turnover of Chinese advertising industry is 200.41 billion Chinese Yuan. Increased by 14 billion Chinese Yuan compared with 2009. Meanwhile, the Chinese advertising industry is not mature. It is an opportunity for WRSX Group to establish the branch in China, or looking for a local agency as a corporate body. This point is analyzed in previous part. Another is that the WRSX Group should consider about the opportunities in new media or digital media aspect. Some reasons, the digital media is the main trend in the near future, which based on the internet, mobile phones and etc. Two, it can attract the potential clients, especially the young generation. For this part, the online media develops with a high speed in last decade. It obtains numbers of outstanding advantages. There are two main of them, one is generally low cost than ads on traditional media. Another one is more widely audience range it can reach. As the consequence of those, lots of firms want to spent more budgets on digital space. Meanwhile, it proves this digital space definitely is a more and more huge market in future. The WRSX Group have supplier relationship in various offices, so that, they are able to offer their clients the digital services. There are some methods to developing this business. One is developing itself capability for digital space, or otherwise relying on external providers to deliver this service to WRSX clients. However, the suitable way for WRSX Group is combine two of them. Due to the WRSX is not named by the top agency in the world. Not so strong capability to developing it individually. So, this could be the most suitable way for WRSX to do this field business. So it is better for the WRSX Group to explore the advertising of digital media or new media field. At the end, balance the short-term (three-year plan, etc.) a nd the long-term achievements (mission, company objectives, etc.) of the WRSX Group should be done. Conclusion After studying this strategic management module which is â€Å"understanding the strategic position of organizations, strategic choices for the future and turning strategies into action† (Johnson and Scholes, 2002), based on the WRSX Group case study. Learn a lot, for example, some classic strategy tools – PESTEL, Five Forces, SWOT etc. I am clear about what is the aims and objective of those tools (PESTEL, firms macro environment. Five Forces, the industry analyzing. SWOT, analyzing the internal environment); which elements are involved in those tools (PESTEL, policies, economic, society, technological, environment, legal. Five Forces, entry barrier, industry competitors, substation competition, buyer power, supplier buyer. SWOT, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats); what is the function of each element in those tools. Another is, I learn about the strategy has different levels; two basic levels are corporate level and business level. In another aspect, this is a group work study. So that, I have learn lots of technology about team work capability. Taking the right actions when group members encounter disagreements in meeting or seminar could be better. I learned use logical method to finding out the right actions. Well communication ability is necessary for me in the future. All in all, after this semester study, I have practiced and enhanced personal communication skills, while learned knowledge of strategic management. Reference David, Fred R, (1995) Strategic Management , Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Ghemawat, P. (2008) Strategy And The Business Landscope, Beijing: Peking University Press Johnson, G, Scholes, K, (2002) Exploring Corporate Strategy, Prentice Hall, Johnson, G, Scholes, K, Whittington, R (2009) Fundamentals of Strategy, Prentice Hall,

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Literature Review -why we went to war in Iraq - Research Paper Example Hussein, indiscriminate killing, large-scale unemployment, loss of basic infrastructure, lack of law-enforcement, and armed resistance, made the country’s future appear bleak. This is particularly true for the most vulnerable sections of Iraqi society: the children, women and old people (Ismael, 2007). The classical Just War tradition with ethical criteria for pre-emptive war, is not adequately filled by the Bush Administration’s use of military force in the attack it led against Iraq, as part of the war against global terrorism. The doctrine of pre-emptive war in the case of Iraq fails vital ethical tests (Wester 20). The theoretical framework of the doctrine of Just War related to the concept of an unavoidable war to protect humanitarian rights, forms a useful tool for analysis. The doctrine includes international laws on the use of armed force in combat. â€Å"Beyond strict assessments of the legality of war, Just War doctrine is concerned with the broader notion of justice† (Enemark & Michaelson 545). The Just War doctrine is based on the principle that the inevitable death and destruction caused by war results in the burden of proof falling on those who advocate the use of armed force. The two dimensions to Just War doctrine are: jus ad bellum or the justice of going to war, and jus in bello or the just conduct of war. The six interconnected jus ad bellum criteria combine together to make the going to war a fair intervention. They are: â€Å"Just Cause, Right Authority, Right Intention, Reasonable Prospect of Success, Proportionate Cause, and War as a Last Resort† (Enemark & Michaelson 545). Flint & Falah (p.1379) support the view that America’s construction of a Just War was deceptively based on â€Å"prime morality† by functioning at the level of individuals and humankind rather than at interstate power politics. The researchers found that the geographic assumptions of just war theory could not apply in the case of Iraq, and they explain the hegemonic

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Observing Bacteria Essay Example for Free

Observing Bacteria Essay Abstract: Microscopes are fragile instruments that must be handle with extreme caution as they can produce high quality results when observing the smallest specimens on earth. A microscope must be properly cleaned before use and storage. The different objectives allow for a range of observations. At the highest objectives, the resolution can easily be lost which is why the oil immersion lens is used to minimize refraction. While observing specimens, both dead and active, their shapes and arrangements can be observed. For example, the oil immersion lens can be used to observe the active Streptobacillus bacteria in yogurt. Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to display knowledge of the use of a compound microscope with and without an oil immersion lens while observing and identifying various bacterial shapes and arrangements, including a self prepared yogurt culture. Procedure: Exercise 1: Viewing Prepared Slides 1. After setting up and cleaning all lenses, place the prepared e slide properly on the stage. 2. View the slide under the10x objective by moving it around with the X and Y stage travel knobs then focus it by first using the coarse adjustment followed by the fine adjustment until the view is clear. 3. Adjust the diaphragm to allow enough light for good resolution. 4. After a micrograph is taken, rotate the 10x objective away from the specimen and the 40x over it. Use the fine adjustment knob to bring the specimen back into focus. 5. Repeat the above steps for 6 more specimens. Those viewed and micrographed in this lab are: Amoeba Anabaena Ascaris eggs Paramecium Yeast Penicillium Part 2 of Exercise 1: 1. View 6 more prepared slides by using the oil immersion lens. Follow steps 1-5 above to locate, center, and focus each slide at 10x and 40x. 2. Then swing the 40x objective to its half way position with the 100x objective nearing the slide. 3. Add a drop of provided oil to the slide cover’s surface and slowly swing the 100x objective over. 4. Using the fine adjustment knob bring the specimen into focus and take a micrograph. 5. Repeat this process for 5 more specimens. Those that were micrograph in this lab were: Bacillus Coccus Spirillium Prepared Yogurt Exercise 2: Observing Bacteria Cultures in Yogurt 1. Using a clean sealable glass jar, place a teaspoon of yogurt in the container. 2. Cover the jar and place in a dark, relatively warm areas fro 12-24 hours. 3. Place a sample of the yogurt specimen in a clean slide using a toothpick and cover with a cover slip. 4. Repeat the above steps for viewing the slide at the 10x, 40x, and 100x oil immersion with the microscope. Keep the diaphragm low, as the bacteria will be transparent. 5. Repeat the viewing process with the prepared yogurt slide from the lab kit. Compare the two specimens. 6. Clean all items used in this lab: specimen vials, slides, and microscope. Carefully cover and store microscope. Data/Observation: Specimens observed in Exercise 1 Part 1 with the 10x objective: Amoeba Proteus at 100x Anabaena w.m. at 100x Ascaris Eggs, w.m. at 100x Paramecium Conjugation at 100x Yeast, w.m. at 100x Pencillium with conidia, w.m. at 100x Specimens observed in Exercise 1 Part 2 Exercise 2 with the 40x objective: Bacteria Bacillus form at 400x Bacteria Coccus form at 400x Bacteria Spirillum form at 400x Yoghurt Bacteria at 400x Fresh Yogurt Specimen at 400x Specimens observed in Exercise 2 with the 100x Oil Immersion Fresh Yogurt Specimen at 1000x Results/Analysis: A. Identify the following parts of the microscope and describe the function of each. A. Eyepiece lens B. Tube C. Nosepiece D. Objective Lens E. Stage F. Diaphragm G. Mirror H. Coarse Adjustment knob I. Fine Adjustment knob J. Arm K. Clip L. Base B. Define the following microscopy terms: Focus: The point at which the light from a lens comes together. Resolution: The closest two objects can be before they are no longer detected as separate objects. Contrast: The difference in light intensity between the image and the adjacent background relative to the overall background intensity. C. Describe your observations from the fresh yogurt slide you prepared in Exercise 2. D. Were there observable differences between your fresh yogurt slide and the prepared yogurt slide? If so, explain. CD: Observation of the prepared slide was made easier by the purple staining and the dead bacteria. The observation of the fresh specimen was harder to see in a focused manner because it continued to move. The prepared slide is an obvious Bacillus bacterium. While the fresh sample is harder to focus so it is not as easily observed as Bacillus bacterium. There are more bacteria present in the fresh specimen than in the prepared slide. E Describe the four main bacterial shapes. Cocci: a spherically shaped bacterium Bacillus: a rod shaped bacterium Spirillum: spirally shaped bacterium Vibrio: comma or S shaped bacteria F. What are the common arrangements of bacteria? Cocci: occurring as a single sphere Diplococci: occurring as spheres in pairs Streptococci: chains of linked spheres Staphylococci: spheres grouped in grape like clusters Bacillus: a single rod arrangement Diplobacillus: pairs of rods Streptobacillus: Chain-linked rods G. Were you able to identify specific bacterial morphologies on either yogurt slide? If so, which types? In both samples Streptobacilluss arrangements and shapes were observed. They were more prevalent and easy to distinguish in the prepared slide since that bacteria was not actively moving. At times the fresh specimen at 400x looked like Staphylococci; however, upon observing the bacteria closer at 1000x it was obvious that there were no sphere shaped bacterium present. H. What is the purpose of immersion oil? Why does it work? Normally, the quality of an observed specimen decreases with the number of lenses, glass, etc that the light travels through. With the oil immersion lens, one of the strongest microscope lenses at 100x, the oil restricts the light refraction allowing for a clear focused image at such a high resolution. The oil mixes with the specimen and the oil itself has the same refractive index to that of glass. This gives the specimen a finer resolution and brightness than would have otherwise been observed. Conclusion: In conclusion this lab taught one how to properly use, clean, and store compound microscope. The lab assessed the ability to observe a specimen both provided and freshly prepared with and without an oil immersion lens. This allowed for hands on learning, observation, and identification of various bacterial shapes and arrangements. One was able to extended his/her learning while ageing yogurt and making a fresh specimen on a slide to be observed at all objectives with and without oil.